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A kind of alternative to the European cinema of the 20s was American film art, which was characterized by a realistic reflection of reality in the films of E. von Stroheim (1885–1957) - "Greed"; K. Vidora (1894–1982) - "Crowd"; in the tragicomedies of Ch. Chaplin - "Pilgrim", "Parisian Woman", "Gold Rush" and others.

Cinematography has its own genre-genre structure. Unlike other forms of art, the birth date of cinematography can be named absolutely precisely - December 28, 1895. It was on this day in Paris that the brothers O. and L. Lumiere demonstrated their first film program, which contained short documentary sketches: "The exit of workers from factories", "Arrival of the train", etc. The films of the Lumière brothers started the trend towards creating documentary cinema, because in all their pictures a certain immediacy of real reality was recorded.

Despite the crisis of the US economy in the 1930s, the American cinematography of this period experienced the highest rise and prosperity - its "golden age". The viewer wanted to watch movies more than ever. This unexpected, at first glance, situation was explained quite simply. Along with exquisite elitist paintings by J. Ford (1895-1974) "The Grapes of Wrath", "Young Mr. Lincoln", W. Wyler (1902-1981) "The Dead Corner", "The Foxes", O. Wells (1915-1985) " Citizen Kane", which admired for its innovation in the field of drama, in the system of expressive means, stunned with its psychological depth and social significance, commercial genres are becoming widespread: gangster films, horror films, melodramas, musicals, westerns, etc. So, American cinema of the 1930s performed a certain compensatory function, distracting the viewer from life's problems.

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It is not often that film experts turn to such an important field of cinematographic activity as film education. It can be said that the young researchers R. Roslyak and O. Bezruchko entered the territory that until now remained on the margins of film studies. In addition, few researchers were able to master historical facts with the help of archival documentation. R. Roslyak's text reveals to the reader a kind of terra incognita, because during the Soviet era, Ukrainian film education was persistently relegated to the shadows, weakening it also purely organizationally (closure of the film institute, departure of personnel, etc.).

The further development of the world film process in the 1940s and 1960s was associated with the emergence of various directions that testified to the interesting searches and experiments that took place in its bowels. Prominent artists of world cinema stood near their origins. Thus, the phenomenon of "Italian neorealism" was associated with the names of R. Rossellini - "Rome - an open city", "Paisa"; V. De Sica - "Bicycle Thieves", "Umberto D.", "The Roof"; D. De Santis - "There is no peace under the olives", "Rome, 11 o'clock"; L. Visconti - "The Earth Trembles", "The Most Beautiful", whose creativity was stimulated by the artistic heritage of the outstanding Italian writer J. Verga.