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The formation of the American cinema, one of the most popular in our time, began in 1892 and was associated with the American scientist and inventor T. Edison, who constructed the kinescope. The first public screening took place in New York at the Bayel and Koster Music Hall. It consisted of small humorous and dance numbers.

The further development of the world film process in the 1940s and 1960s was associated with the emergence of various directions that testified to the interesting searches and experiments that took place in its bowels. Prominent artists of world cinema stood near their origins. Thus, the phenomenon of "Italian neorealism" was associated with the names of R. Rossellini - "Rome - an open city", "Paisa"; V. De Sica - "Bicycle Thieves", "Umberto D.", "The Roof"; D. De Santis - "There is no peace under the olives", "Rome, 11 o'clock"; L. Visconti - "The Earth Trembles", "The Most Beautiful", whose creativity was stimulated by the artistic heritage of the outstanding Italian writer J. Verga.

Materials devoted to non-fiction films are more modest in scope. Analyzing its problems, S. Marchenko places the series "Unknown Ukraine" in the center of attention, tracing the ideological and thematic transformation of domestic non-fiction cinema, the aspiration of documentary filmmakers to acute journalistic and searching nature. The author emphasizes the complexity of the creative tasks faced by filmmakers who consider the documentary reproduction of historical events and their interpretation according to historical documents, not ideological schemes.

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Avant-garde experiments cover almost all the leading cinematographies of the world. A bright page in the history of cinematography of the 20s is connected with the cinematography of the Soviet period, in particular with the work of L. V. Kuleshov (1899–1970) - "The Extraordinary Adventures of Mr. West in the Country of the Bolsheviks", "Death Ray", etc. - which, based on based on his own "model theory", created the First School of Film Actors (O. Khokhlova, B. Barnet, V. Pudovkin, S. Komarov, etc.); Dzygy Vertov (1896–1954) - an outstanding documentarian, the founder of journalistic cinema ("Sixth part of the world", "Symphony of Donbass") and the FEKS group (Factory of Eccentric Actor), which was organized by H. M. Kozintsev and L. 3. Trauberg , who in their artistic experiments relied on the principles of eccentricity ("Overcoat", "SVD", "New Babylon").

In some texts, the authors focus not so much on the film process as on its historical and social context. Thus, Z. Alfyorova draws attention to those general civilizational conflicts that were related to Ukraine and Ukrainian culture even in Soviet times. The author examines the artistic culture of Ukraine at the intersection of the influences of economic, political and socio-cultural systems and observes how the "crisis of reality", the "replacement of reality with signs of reality" is provoked both by the influence of "official" Soviet culture and the phenomena of early postmodernism. The author rightly notes that the internal dissidence of a certain circle of Ukrainian artists is reflected in the very style of screen works. However, interesting observations and theoretical generalizations do not always find concrete confirmation in the direct examination of the film process.